Flight Control Design – Best Practices - NATO STO-世界军事论坛-军事论坛-世界论坛网（手机版）


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Flight Control Design – Best Practices - NATO STO

送交者: oldfarmer 2022-04-05 21:24:16 于 [世界军事论坛]

Flight Control Design – Best Practices (RTO TR-029)

Executive Summary

This Task Group (formerly AGARD Working Group 23) was formally initiated in 1996, with the genesis and rationale contained in a pilot paper written in September 1994. The document cited applications of advanced Flight Control Systems (FCS) in the 1980s and early ’90s. Despite numerous significant successes having been achieved, as demonstrated by the number of experimental and production aircraft based on digital flight controls that flew successfully, major programmes of primary importance to NATO had suffered from troubled FCS developments. Well-publicized and highly visible accidents due to adverse oscillatory aircraft-pilot coupling phenomena in the latest technology aircraft occurred both in the US and in Europe. Other programs had less-well-publicized FCS development problems, with time and cost overruns more the rule than the exception. These events show that notwithstanding the successes, a robust and affordable solution to the development process of digital flight control systems that are proven to be safe from a flying qualities point of view was not universally available. The first part of the report begins with a review of some examples of flight control problems. They span the history of flight from the time when the practice of flying was preceding theoretical developments up to more recent time when it might be thought that flight control designers “should know better”. Much of the information is incomplete, but the chapter finishes with an example of a problem and the solution being published together. Then there is a chapter detailing lessons learned from various programs with positive results, which leads into a section detailing a series of recommended best practices. The best practices are laid out as a logical process with recommendations for avoiding the pitfalls that have led to problems in the past. It is NOT, however, a “cookbook” process that can be followed blindly. Using (good) engineering analysis and judgement, and following the defined process, will ensure a successful design. The second part of the report continues with some theoretical aspects. First, there is a discussion of flying qualities criteria, especially the US military specifications. This brief discussion covers the evolution of the specifications covering both good and bad points, together with the common misinterpretations. The current state of the art of “carefree handling” is presented, defined as flying qualities that allow pilot commanded maneuvering without adverse characteristics, such as departures, requiring the pilot’s attention. Then, there is a discussion of demonstration maneuvers as a flying qualities evaluation tool. It is emphasized that these maneuvers should be used aggressively during the early development phase to uncover possible problem areas and to feed data back into the analytical design process. Next there is an extensive discussion of the latest results from analytical and research activities into PIOs. The section is aimed at presenting and assessing a number of PIO criteria to augment the design process defined under the best practices. A discussion of modelling and system identification is then included to present the current state of the art in this important area, which is evolving very rapidly because of the continuous improvements in both hardware and software. The Task Group members originally laid out this report to present an assessment of design methods, but no correlation has been found between the method used and the problems of the past, or the successes. The benefits of advanced methods are primarily in terms of greater efficiency, with a shorter design cycle translating into cost savings. No method will guarantee success by itself, since it still needs the correct design criteria and the other components of the best practices process as defined in this report. The report concludes with suggestions for required future research.

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