1.诺贝尔奖是什幺奖?

　　诺贝尔一生取得了众多的科研成果，成功地开办了许多工厂，积聚了巨大的财富。在即将辞世之际，诺贝尔立下了遗嘱：“请将我的财产变做基金，每年用这个基金的利息作为奖金，奖励那些在前一年为人类做出卓越贡献的人。”根据他的这个遗嘱，从1901年开始，具有国际性的诺贝尔奖创立了。

　　诺贝尔奖分设了5个(1968年增设一个,现在共六个)：

　　奖给在物理方面有最重要发现或发明的人;

　　奖给在化学方面有最重要发现或新改进的人;

　　奖给在生理学或医学方面有最重要发现的人;

　　奖给在文学方面表现出了理想主义的倾向并有最优秀作品的人;

　　和平奖 奖给为国与国之间的友好、废除使用武力作出贡献的人。

　　经济学奖 1968年瑞典银行在其成立三百周年纪念之际增设

　　2.诺贝尔奖 奖给谁?

　　诺贝尔奖是奖给对人类有重大贡献的原创性的发现发明

　　杂交技术是的袁隆平院士原创的吗?见下面的回答:

　　3.杂交技术的原创人是谁?

　　杂交技术的原创人

　　不是我们大家天天听到 看到的

　　袁隆平先生,而是另有其人.

　　他就是 绿色革命之父诺曼·博洛格(Norman Borlaug)博士

　　4. 杂交技术创始人

　　绿色革命之父诺曼·博洛格(Norman Borlaug)

　　荣获1970年诺贝尔和平奖

　　1970年，诺贝尔奖委员会授予Norman Borlaug(诺曼·博洛格)博士诺贝尔和平奖，因为“与其它任何人相比，Norman Borlaug博士向这个饥饿的世界提供了更多的食物。

　　我们授予他奖项是希望食物能带来世界和平....。他帮助促成了一个世界粮食新格局，扭转了人们在人口膨胀与粮食生产这一激烈赛跑下的悲观态度Norman Borlaug博士因为拯救了十亿饥饿人口而获奖，并且为了世界的未来，继续进行着作物改良技术.

　　摘自 中国生物工程杂志China Biotechnology,2009,29(9):125

　　见以下网址:

http://www.chinabic.org/qikan/manage/ewebeditor/UploadFile/20091218101055553.pdf

　　5.绿色革命之父诺曼·博洛格

　　博洛格有着农业科学家、植物病理学家、遗传育种专家等诸多头衔，且曾获得诺贝尔和平奖，但他为人低调，生前鲜有人知。“非著名”的博洛格在提高粮食产量、抗击饥荒领域做出重大贡献，在业内有着“绿色革命之父”的美称。

　　“要尝试去摘星，即使永远也够不着它们，如果你足够努力，你总会在过程中得到一些星尘。”——引自博洛格生前座右铭。

　　艺高人低调

　　得克萨斯农机大学发言人凯瑟琳·菲利普斯从博洛格家人处证实，该校荣誉教授、罹患癌症的博洛格于12日晚在达拉斯家中辞世。

　　美联社援引博洛格家人发表的一份声明报道，博洛格终身为改善他人生活、对抗人类贫困而努力，希望其一生能为后人借鉴。博洛格生前创立的穿梭育种方法已为世界各国作物育种家广泛采用或认定。这也是他获得“绿色革命之父”美誉的最重要业绩之一。

　　“绿色革命”一词起源于二十世纪后半叶，指提高作物产量帮助解决饥荒问题。除在科技方面勇于创新，博洛格还致力推动多国政府借助一系列鼓励农业的经济政策，加强基础设施建设。身为科学家，博洛格不乏人道主义精神。

　　尽管贡献卓著，博洛格却低调为人。博洛格生前曾任得克萨斯农机大学土壤作物科学系教授。其好友、土壤作物科学系主任埃德·朗格说：“在做出与他相同贡献的人中，他是最不为人知的一位。他也许做过更多。”

　　面包换和平

　　博洛格1914年3月25日出生于艾奥瓦州克雷斯科市附近一座农场。他在明尼苏达大学学习林学，1937年获学士学位。成长于美国经济大萧条时期的博洛格，切身体会过粮荒意味着什幺。“大萧条的黑色土壤让我投身农业，”博洛格生前如是说。

　　1944年至1960年间，博洛格在洛克菲勒基金会墨西哥合作农业规划研究院任研究员。当时，由于公共医疗条件改善，一些发展中国家出现人口增长高峰，粮食增量满足不了增加的人口。在墨西哥工作期间，博洛格培育出丰产、抗锈小麦品种，成功培育出抗病、耐肥、高产、适应性广的半矮秆小麦，使小麦产量大幅提高。

　　由于他的卓越贡献，博洛格于1970年获得诺贝尔和平奖。当时向他颁发这一奖项的诺贝尔和平奖委员会主席奥瑟·利奥内斯评价博洛格说，博洛格为饥荒世界带来面包，“我们希望这也能为世界带来和平”。

　　脚步不停歇

　　结束在墨西哥的工作后，博洛格并没有因“功成名就”而停下脚步。

　　1963年，博洛格出任当时新成立的国际玉米小麦发展中心负责人，培养出数以千计科学后生。

　　1984年，博洛格时年71岁，已经退休，接获日本笹川和平财团已故创始人笹川良一的电话，邀请他帮助提高非洲国家粮食产量。博洛格回答：“我71岁了，从头开始太晚了。”笹川回应道：“我比你年长15岁，所以我猜想，我们昨天就应该开始。”

　　这番话打动了博洛格。在美国前总统吉米·卡特支持下，从那年开始，他接受笹川和平财团资助，在贝宁、埃塞俄比亚、加纳、尼日利亚、苏丹、坦桑尼亚、多哥等14个非洲国家试验种植高产作物品种。短期内，玉米产量增加两倍，小麦、木薯、高粱等作物产量也有不同程度的提高。

　　1986年，博洛格创立世界粮食奖基金会，每年鼓励一名在世界粮食领域作出突出贡献者，奖金25万美元。

　　直至耄耋之年，博洛格仍致力于非洲消除饥荒事业。2007年，美国国会向博洛格颁发金质勋章。这是美国国会设立的个人最高荣誉。

　　1996年6月7日，博洛格成为中国工程院外籍院士。

　　摘自:http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2009/9/223326.shtm

　　注 :穿梭育种也叫转移育种或异地选择,就是将育种材料或杂交组合在不同区域同时进行选育的一种育种方法.

　　注 : 摘自http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_beijny200210046.aspx

　　6.绿色革命之父诺曼·博洛格 的英文版

　　Norman Borlaug, Plant Scientist Who Fought Famine, Dies at 95

　　By JUSTIN GILLIS

　　Published: September 13, 2009

　　Norman E. Borlaug, the plant scientist who did more than anyone else in the 20th century to teach the world to feed itself and whose work was credited with saving hundreds of millions of lives, died Saturday night. He was 95 and lived in Dallas.

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　　Oscar Hidalgo/The New York Times

　　Norman E. Borlaug accepted the Congressional Gold Medal in July 2007.

　　Related

　　So Much Food. So Much Hunger. (September 20, 2009)

　　The Associated Press, 1970

　　Norman Borlaug, who helped teach the world to feed itself.

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　　The cause was complications from cancer, said Kathleen Phillips, a spokeswoman for Texas A&M University, where Dr. Borlaug had served on the faculty since 1984.

　　Dr. Borlaug’s advances in plant breeding led to spectacular success in increasing food production in Latin America and Asia and brought him international acclaim. In 1970, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

　　He was widely described as the father of the broad agricultural movement called the Green Revolution, though decidedly reluctant to accept the title. “A miserable term,” he said, characteristically shrugging off any air of self-importance.

　　Yet his work had a far-reaching impact on the lives of millions of people in developing countries. His breeding of high-yielding crop varieties helped to avert mass famines that were widely predicted in the 1960s, altering the course of history.

　　Largely because of his work, countries that had been food deficient, like Mexico and India, became self-sufficient in producing cereal grains.

　　“More than any other single person of this age, he has helped provide bread for a hungry world,” the Nobel committee said in presenting him with the Peace Prize. “We have made this choice in the hope that providing bread will also give the world peace.”

　　The day the award was announced, Dr. Borlaug, vigorous and slender at 56, was working in a wheat field outside Mexico City when his wife, Margaret, drove up to tell him the news. “Someone’s pulling your leg,” he replied, according to one of his biographers, Leon Hesser. Assured that it was true, he kept on working, saying he would celebrate later.

　　Criticism of Techniques

　　The Green Revolution eventually came under attack from environmental and social critics who said it had created more difficulties than it had solved. Dr. Borlaug responded that the real problem was not his agricultural techniques, but the runaway population growth that had made them necessary.

　　“If the world population continues to increase at the same rate, we will destroy the species,” he declared.

　　Traveling to Norway, the land of his ancestors, to receive the award, he warned the Nobel audience that the struggle against hunger had not been won. “We may be at high tide now, but ebb tide could soon set in if we become complacent and relax our efforts,” he said. Twice more in his lifetime, in the 1970s and again in 2008, those words would prove prescient as food shortages and high prices caused global unrest.

　　His Nobel Prize was the culmination of a storied life in agriculture that began when he was a boy growing up on a farm in Iowa, wondering why plants grew better in some places than others. His was also an unlikely career path, one that began in earnest near the end of World War II, when Dr. Borlaug walked away from a promising job at DuPont, the chemical company, to take a position in Mexico trying to help farmers improve their crops.

　　The job was part of an assault on hunger in Mexico that was devised in Manhattan, at the offices of the Rockefeller Foundation, with political support in Washington. But it was not a career choice calculated to lead to fame or honor.

　　Indeed, on first seeing the situation in Mexico for himself, Dr. Borlaug reacted with near despair. Mexican soils were depleted, the crops were ravaged by disease, yields were low and the farmers could not feed themselves, much less improve their lot by selling surplus.

　　“These places I’ve seen have clubbed my mind — they are so poor and depressing,” he wrote to his wife after his first extended sojourn in the country. “I don’t know what we can do to help these people, but we’ve got to do something.” The next few years were ones of toil and privation as Dr. Borlaug and his colleagues, with scant funds or equipment, set to work improving yields in tropical crop varieties.

　　He spent countless hours hunched over in the blazing Mexican sun as he manipulated tiny wheat blossoms to cross different strains. To speed the work, he set up winter and summer operations in far-flung parts of Mexico, logging thousands of miles over poor roads. He battled illness, forded rivers in flood, dodged mudslides and sometimes slept in tents.

　　He was by then a trained scientist holding a doctoral degree in plant diseases. But as he sought to coax better performance from the wheats of Mexico, he relied on a farm boy’s instinctive feel for the plants and the soil in which they grew.

　　“When wheat is ripening properly, when the wind is blowing across the field, you can hear the beards of the wheat rubbing together,” he told another biographer, Lennard Bickel. “They sound like the pine needles in a forest. It is a sweet, whispering music that once you hear, you never forget.”

　　Norman Ernest Borlaug was born on March 25, 1914, in his grandfather’s farmhouse near the tiny settlement of Saude, in northeastern Iowa. Growing up in a stalwart community of Norwegian immigrants, he trudged across snow-covered fields to a one-room country school, coming home almost every day to the aroma of bread baking in his mother’s oven.

　　原文见：

　　http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/business/energy-environment/14borlaug.html?_r=2&ref=science